Speaking And Pronunciation Syllabus Education Essay

Syllabus design is an built-in portion of English linguistic communication instruction and as instructors seek develop linguistic communication proficiency in 2nd linguistic communication scholars they are expected to make constructions of larning which will enable the accomplishment of this enterprise. As such, this essay provides a justification for a course of study designed to be used in learning speech production and pronunciation to Libyan secondary pupils with Arabic as their first linguistic communication. Ideally, the syllabus marks to decide speech production and pronunciation jobs experienced by English linguistic communication scholars of Arabic descent. More frequently than non, Libyan and Arabic speech production pupils are merely exposed to larning English through formal instructions as explained by Rabab'ah ( 2003:181 ) . Following this, they are unable to to the full foster their speech production and pronunciation accomplishments which are best acquired through syne rgistic and communicative acquisition. As a consequence of the differences which are present between English and Arabic pronunciation, most of these scholars experiences jobs related to emphasis and modulation. However, the greatest hard present amongst Arabic scholars of English is their incapacity to pass on fluently and proficiently in English. It therefore becomes rather important to turn to these jobs by explicating an effectual course of study. The speech production and pronunciation course of study is hence aimed at developing English linguistic communication proficiency and particularly with focal point at developing expert eloquence which as asserted by Chambers ( 1997:536 ) , is the chief index of communicative proficiency. This purpose will at the terminal facilitate communicative and matter-of-fact competences which will let scholars to use the English linguistic communication suitably in their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours interactions. The scholars targeted by this course of study have shown great enthusiasm for the acquisition of English speech production and pronunciation. Their motive is fuelled by the demand to interact and pass on with English talking tourers who usually frequent Libya. The scholars who are aged between 16 to 17 old ages possess limited capacities in speech production and pronunciation accomplishments as indicated by a nosologies trials carried out prior to the designing of the course of study. At the pre-intermediate degree, this course of study is ideal for them. Organization and Description of the Syllabus The course of study which focuses on developing speech production and pronunciation accomplishments is comprised of a sum of 12 Sessionss with each session amounting to one hr. As such, scholars will hold a sum of 12 hours of contact. There will be 16 Libyan scholars go toing the Sessionss at a linguistic communication centre located in Tripoli. The course of study is organized in such a manner as to reflect the subject, speech production and pronunciation focal point and the speech production activities for every session. In the first unit of the course of study the chief focal point is on talking where scholars will larn how to do questions and besides give information. In making so, they will besides integrate this in larning the pronunciation of long vowel sounds. The 2nd unit follows the same guidelines but the speech production focal point is directed towards speaking about others in a conversation while at the same clip familiarising oneself with the pronunciation of the shwa sound. While the speech production focal point for most Sessionss revolves around doing questions, giving information, doing remarks and explicating descriptions, pronunciation ‘s focal point is at groking the usage of vowels and consonants. Unit 6 utilizes descriptive undertakings in larning the usage of consonants /s/z/iz. Other elements of pronunciation are besides addressed with Unit 3 learning scholars how to associate words and sounds in sentences. Unit 4 marks to learn contracted address signifiers. Other phonological constituents such as modulation, falling and raising modulation are tackled in Unit 7. Word emphasis which is an of import facet of pronunciation is taught in Unit 8. Unit of measurements 11 and 12 accommodate assimilation and the pronunciation of the [ -ed ] signifier severally. The course of study ideally reflects its aims by supplying speech production activities for each session which are meant to supply scholars with an synergistic environment for tackling th eir speech production accomplishments. Evident in the course of study is the usage of synergistic activities throughout all Sessionss. These activities include pair work, function drama, treatments, group work, questionnaires and games. These activities fit the purpose of the course of study as they will give scholars ample pattern on their English communicating, speech production and pronunciation accomplishments. The sample lesson program for Unit 4 clearly indicates learning processs for this scholar centered course of study. Since the chief focal point is to transfuse talking accomplishments to scholars, the instructor is expected to use instruction methodological analysiss which mostly focus on the scholar ‘s acquisition demands. Indeed, functional purpose of the lesson is to enable scholars to seek and give information utilizing telephone devices while the phonological aims include larning how to use contracted address suitably. As indicated by Nunan ( 1998:26 ) , such a scholar centered course of studies can be implemented efficaciously by integrating ample communicative and synergistic undertakings. This is observed in the lesson program as scholars are invariably asked inquiries by the instructor ; they are besides involved in synergistic group work where they pattern colloquial accomplishments. The lesson program is besides realistic and made more effectual by the instructor â⠂¬Ëœs usage function drama undertakings and the usage of familiar content such as the engagement of hotels frequently done by tourers with whom these scholars would desire to interact with. In general, scholars will hold acquired equal speech production accomplishments which they can use in their day-to-day interactions with other English talkers. Talking besides accommodates the formation of relationships with others and the Libyan scholars will make so during their extremely synergistic speech production and pronunciation lesson. Follow up is an of import facet of instruction and acquisition. From the lesson programs guided by the course of study, scholars ‘ apprehension of the content is evaluated by the instructor during the assorted lessons. For case in Unit 4, scholars are expected to transport out group function drama undertakings as they examine their capacity to inquire and give information. The instructor ‘s function in this activity as in all other lesson activities is to interact with the scholars and point out countries which need rectifying. Oral accomplishments are likely to attest with the usage of such synergistic and prosecuting follow up activities as indicated in the course of study. Theoretical Justification of the Syllabus It is quite cardinal in the designing of such a course of study to organize a theoretical footing for its content. This factor provides intent for the course of study and besides provides a nexus between its design and pattern. This course of study chiefly targets the Libyan pupils ‘ capablenesss to pass on efficaciously with other English speech production persons. As such, the course of study must concentrate on bettering eloquence, rightness and intelligibility in their usage of the linguistic communication. Contrary to old aims of larning speech production and pronunciation which was to derive native like speech pattern, current purposes of larning pronunciation focal points on deriving intelligibility as observed by Tarone ( 2005 ) . It is therefore critical to see the rules of the communicative attack of linguistic communication larning utilised as a footing for the course of study. In this attack, the focal point is chiefly on communicating and the content being taught d epends on the scholar ‘s demands. Since the Arabic speech production Libyan learners seek to go better communicators, the course of study has accommodated legion speech production and synergistic undertakings and chances. Libyan scholars are observed to hold troubles in articulating [ -ed ] signifiers and besides the plural signifiers /s/z/iz. Following this analysis, it is important for the course of study to integrate communicative chances for them to pattern the pronunciation of these sounds. Indeed as Brinton, Goodwin and Celce-Murcia ( 1996:8 ) assert that such methodological analysiss like listening and copying and phonic preparation are rather effectual in learning pronunciation. These techniques are reflected in the course of study as scholars are encouraged to accommodate the instructor ‘s competent pronunciation by copying and so practising pronunciations during the lesson activities. In add-on, Libyan scholars will profit amply from the interactive linguistic communication they will larn whose accent as described by Richards ( 1990 ) is to let the creative activity of positive interactions between persons and this is reflected in the course of study as it focus on subjects aimed at le ting scholars to do little talk, questions, give regards and do new brushs. The above communicative attack which has been used in the course of study incorporates undertakings which will enable scholars to incorporate both eloquence and truth in their speech production. Indeed as postulated by Ellis ( 2003 ) , the usage of such undertakings like descriptions and narrations which are dominant in the course of study non merely allows scholars to pattern linguistic communication usage but besides sums to complex and accurate usage of the linguistic communication. Talking truth is besides said to emerge from the usage of unwritten communicating undertakings as described by Lynch ( 2007:317 ) who argues that when scholars cooperate in placing their speech production mistakes and rectifying them they are able to derive assurance in the mark linguistic communication and even strive to talk the linguistic communication suitably. This factor implies that as Libyan scholars who experience troubles in utilizing contracted address will happen it helpful to engaged in un dertakings which encourage both the scholars and the instructor to rectify their mistakes and besides steer them towards avoiding the unneeded usage of long words and sentences. The Syllabus and Pragmatic Competence The mark of the course of study is non merely to develop communicative competency in scholars but besides matter-of-fact competency. Matter-of-fact competency trades chiefly on the utterance degree of linguistic communication and with factors which allow native talkers to use the mark linguistic communication in societal interactions uninhibited. Harmonizing to Rueda ( 2006: 170 ) there are many facets of matter-of-fact competency which can be facilitated during schoolroom direction which means that the course of study needs to actively integrate such sole instructions. For scholars to derive this signifier of competency, they must possess the ability use the mark linguistic communication for different intents. Besides, scholars must get the ability to grok a talker ‘s purposes and have a bid of the linguistic communication regulations utilized in making signifiers of discourse. Explicit direction in the instruction of English to the Arabic speech production pupils is rather ne cessary. Such direction is expected to expose scholars to the accurate English linguistic communication input as observed in the course of study where scholars are provided with relevant speech production and pronunciation contents. Besides as seen in the course of study, it is important to make chances for the pattern of the matter-of-fact cognition that scholars have acquired during the learning procedure. Arabic talking scholars frequently experience jobs in understanding intended significances in discourse chiefly because they are unable to hold on the usage and significances of modulation and word emphasis. Harmonizing to Smith and Swan ( 2001:198 ) the unpredictable nature of English word emphasis eludes most Arabic talkers and instructors need to fit them with accomplishments for observing alterations in significances brought approximately by English word emphasis. As this is important to deriving matter-of-fact competency, the course of study has incorporated these facets as scholars engage in larning undertakings which enable them to separate between falling and raising modulation and the several implied significances. Chapman ( 2007:10 ) points out that the instruction of modulation in an synergistic environment will let scholars to understand how native talkers of English construe them. While trying to learn the Libyan pupils English and promote matter-of-fact competency, it is of import to see the function of top- down and bottom-up abilities. In order to accomplish the acquisition of these accomplishments, learning schemes need to see the differences which exist between linguistic communications and guarantee that scholars utilize these differences in larning the mark linguistic communication and that their native linguistic communication competency does non impede their mark linguistic communication acquisition. For case as illustrated by Chang, El-Ashry, Leclere and Palmer ( 2007:8 ) negative transportations can happen in the acquisition of English vowels by Arabic talkers due to the bing difference in the writing system of both linguistic communications. While vowels are found in the English alphabet and each of them stand foring multiple phonemes, Arabic talkers express their long vowels utilizing letters which represent individual phonemes. This contrast need s to be clearly addressed in the instruction of English long vowels to Arabic scholars. McCarthy and O'Keeffe ( 2004:26 ) ascertain that the usage of spoken principal has become rather of import in the instruction of speech production. Corpus in the instruction of Arabic talkers provides a native illustration of the usage of the mark linguistic communication and efficaciously assists scholars in look intoing their competency. The usage of written texts and recordings in the mark linguistic communication is demonstrated in the course of study and lesson program and promises to heighten eloquence and pronunciation. In learning matter-of-fact competency in Arabic scholars of English, there are assorted underlying premises which include the fact that the act of speech production is tantamount to executing speech Acts of the Apostless, that there are peculiar address Acts of the Apostless used by all linguistic communications and that there are differences in how talkers of different linguistic communications do things and in when they do them. The elaborate course of study has accommodated a huge scope of address Acts of the Apostless as scholars are taught how to transport out assorted colloquial undertakings. Besides, the usage of communicative activities like group work and function drama provides an effectual manner of leaving matter-of-fact competency. Decision From the above treatment, it is apparent that syllabus design is a complex and affecting undertaking. The analyzed course of study will efficaciously transform the speech production and pronunciation capablenesss of the targeted Libyan pupils. Greatly motivated to derive communicative competency in English, the scholars will profit from a communicative instruction attack which is besides learner centered. In add-on, this attack makes it easy to get matter-of-fact competency every bit good. The course of study has incorporated assorted countries in speech production and pronunciation which are considered to be debatable amongst Arabic talking 2nd linguistic communication scholars. As such, the surveies of contracted address, modulation, word emphasis, [ -ed ] signifier application, long vowels and plural signifiers of /s/z/iz/ have been incorporated. Other facets of significance which have been addressed include the usage of spoken principal and the top-down, bottom-up abilities in sc holars. In kernel, this course of study has the capacity to act upon the accomplishment of the larning aims desired by the Libyan pupils.

Controversial Issue in the It Field Essay

The problem is that people don’t really know or think there is a difference between network administrator and system administrator. Just because they have administrator in the name does not mean they do the same thing. When u go to school u have to pick one or the other because one degree is not going to get u a job in both fields. Network Administrator: A member of a staff or group of a staff who have the responsibility for the smooth functioning of a large network. They carry out a number of functions: defining and enforcing security policies, specifying routing policies, accounting for system resources on the network and ensuring that they are efficiently used, responding to hardware and systems errors, and administering any connections to external networks such as the Internet. Sometimes the termSystem Administrator is used to describe a network administrator although this may be someone who administers a small network where many of the network functions tend to be trivial. Skills needed to become a systems administrator: The subject matter of systems administration includes computer systems and the ways people use them in an organization. This entails knowledge of operating systems and applications, as well as hardware and software troubleshooting, but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in the organization use the computers. However, perhaps the most important skill to a system administrator is problem solving frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong and how best to fix it. System administrators are not software engineers or developers. It is not usually within their duties to design or write new applications software. However, sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and generally know several programming languages used for scripting or automation of routine tasks. Particularly when dealing with Internet-facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security. This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventive measures. In some organizations, computer security administration is a separate role responsible for overall security and the upkeep of firewalls and intrusion detection systems, but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of the systems in their keep Analyzing systems logs and identifying potential issues with computer systems. Introducing and integrating new technologies into existing data centers environments. Performing routine audits of systems and software. Performing regular backups of computers and servers. Applying the operating system updates, patches, and configuration changes. Installing and configuring new hardware and software. Adding, removing, or updating user accounts information, resetting user Passwords, etc. Answering technical queries. Responsibility for security of the information traveling on the netwoek. Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system. Troubleshooting any reported problems. System performance evaluations. Ensuring that the network infrastructure is up and running. In larger organizations, some tasks listed above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company. In smaller organizations, IT/computing specialties are less often discerned in detail, and the term system administrator is used in a rather generic way they are the people who know how the computer systems work and can respond when something fails.

Digestion and Important Functions

Anatomy &  Physiology Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller pieces so that the  body can use them to build and  nourish cells and to provide energy. Digestion involves the mixing of food, its movement through the  digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal), and  the chemical breakdown of larger molecules into  smaller molecules. Every  piece of food we eat has to  be broken down into smaller nutrients that the body can absorb, which is why it takes hours to fully digest food. The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract.This consists of a long  tube of  organs that runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, together with the liver  , gall  bladder  , and  pancreas, which  produce important secretions for digestion that drain into the small intestine. The digestive tract in an adult is about 30  feet long. Mouth and Salivary Glands Digestion – begins in  the mouth, where chemical and mechanical digestion occurs. Saliva or spit, produced  by the salivary glands (located under  the tongue and near the lower  Ã‚  jaw), is released into the mouth.Saliva begins to break down the food, moistening it and making it easier to  swallow. A digestive enzyme(called amylase) in the saliva begins to break  down the carbohydrates(starches and sugars). One of the most important functions of the mouth is  chewing. Chewing allows food to be mashed into a soft mass that is easier to swallow and digest later. Esophagus – Once food is swallowed, it enters the esophagus, a muscular tube that is about10 inches long. The esophagus is located between the throat and the stomach. Muscular  wavelike contractions known as peristalsis push the food down through  the esophagus to the stomach.A muscular ring (called the cardiac sphincter) at the end of the esophagus allows food to enter the stomach, and, then, it  sque ezes shut to prevent food and fluid from going back up the esophagus. Stomach – a J-shaped organt hat lies between the esophagus and the small intestine in the upper  abdomen. The stomach has 3 main functions: to  store the swallowed food and liquid; to mix up the food,  liquid, and digestive juices produced by the stomach; and to slowly empty its contents into the  small intestine. Small Intestine – Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine.The small intestine is a narrow,  twisting tube that occupies most of  the lower abdomen between the stomach and the beginning of the large  intestine. It extends about 20 feet in length. The small intestine consists of 3 parts: the duodenum (the C-shaped part), the  jejunum  (the coiled midsection), and the ileum(the last section). The small  intestine has 2 important functions. First, the digestive process is completed here  by enzymes and other substances made by intestinal cells, the pancreas, and  the liver. Glands in the  intestine walls secrete enzymes that breakdown starches and sugars.The pancreas secretes enzymes into the  small intestine that help  breakdown carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The liver produces  bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps to make fat molecules (which otherwise arenot soluble in water) soluble, so they can be absorbed by  the body. Second, the small intestine absorbs the nutrients from the digestive process. The inner wall of the small lintestine is covered by millions of  tiny fingerlike projections called villi. The villi are covered with even tinier projections called microvilli.The  combination of villi and microvilli increase the surface area of  the small intestine greatly, allowing absorption of  nutrients to occur. Undigested material travels next  to the large intestine. Large intestine – forms an upside down U over  the coiled small intestine. It begins at the lower rig ht-hand side of the body and ends  on the lower left-hand side. The large intestine is about 5-6 feet long. It  has 3 parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The cecum is a  pouch at the beginning of the  large intestine. This area allows food to pass from the small intestine to the large intestine.The colon is where fluids and salts are absorbed and extends from the cecum to the rectum. The  last part of the large intestine is the rectum, which is where feces(waste material) is stored before leaving the body through the anus. The main  job of the large intestine is to  remove water and salts (electrolytes) from the undigested material and to form solid waste that can be excreted. Bacteria in the large intestine help to  break down the  undigested materials. The remaining contents of the  large intestine are moved toward the rectum, where feces are stored until they leave the body through the anus as a  bowel movement.

Managing Virtual Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Virtual Teams - Essay Example Under the virtual arrangement, we shared out work and through communication while students go home, with some going as far as Europe but make tremendous contributions than when we at campus where laxity seems to crop up. In terms of the discussion given by Ernst, Hoegl and Siebdrat (2009), it is true that there must be a good coordination of the virtual team in order for results to be realized. The authors confirm my observation that my team relied on sharing out work and an active group leader who ensured that the necessary contribution was done through communication. According to Majchrzak, Malhotra and Rosen (2007), certain effective leadership of the team is very important in the determination of success of the virtual team. A different perspective is given by Balsmeier, Bergiel and Bergiel (2008) who argue that virtual teams face many challenges among them is the remote capacity to deal with conflicts since the members cannot have an open forum for immediate response likely to iron out differences. It is clear that a more keen interest must be paid to more seasoned organizations willing to adopt the virtual team arrangement. Among the best practices which must be implemented include a clear definition of the targeted goals and rewards for the team (Briggs, Nunamaker and Reinig, 2009). According to the author, this acts as a reminder of the need to keep motivated since there is lack of physical motivators. The authors also reckon that focus must be sustained and directed on the tasks. Familiarity is among the team members assists in understanding the contributions that each member can make. This implies that a virtual presence must be established through appropriate leadership guided by set out standards. Training of the team members may be useful and ensuring expeditious approach may also require anonymity for independence as

Runaway Chemical Reaction and Vapor Cloud Explosion Literature review

Runaway Chemical Reaction and Vapor Cloud Explosion - Literature review Example The drive needs to be sorted before the start of any reaction process to control the explosion incidences. In addition, during the polymerization process, the people concerned should ensure that there is required amount of polymers and monomers to reduce the reaction process. When unequal amounts of polymers and monomers are used, there can be rapid increase in reaction pressure in reactors manways enabling solvent vapor to be forced out as a flammable cloud Carolina (CSB 2007, p. 2). In most cases, it has been noticed that when the ejected vapor comes into contact with the source of ignition, it results in explosion thereby can lead to killing of workers and several harms. Such killings and deaths need to be controlled by the workers themselves and some organization bodies. The Chemical Safety Board (CSB) should ensure the workers are familiar with basic safeguards tips that prevent, detect and moderate runaway reactions. Moreover, the Board should also ensure that all safety management practices are operating all time. Most preferably, people should reside quite distance from main firms that are involved in several reaction tests. During the process of reaction that may at times leads to severe explosions may cause injuries to the nearby homes Carolina (CSB 2007, p. 3). Some blasts may go beyond the borders causing damage of structures of the nearby residents. The most important necessity for all companies that are involved in chemical reaction processes is a quick mode of transport. Ambulances owned by these firms create immediate access to medical checkups. The injured workers can be transported to various hospitals depending on the nature of harm. The burned labors are taken to burn centers for better treatment. In order to get a complete manufacturing cycle, several reaction steps must be followed. All the levels should be monitored by the operators Carolina (CSB 2007, p. 5). In order to achieve appropriate and successful manufacturing cycle, there

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

History - Essay Example This changed Ida’s destiny, since she was able to attend university unlike other children born to slaves. Ida had several memories of slavery and during her adulthood, she made a vow to fight for racial justice. Among the racial and gender stereotypes that Ida was challenging discrimination of blacks by whites, the killings of blacks by whites, rapes of Negro girls and women by white men, stereotyping upon black men as rapists, and economic destruction of blacks by whites. During the periods of post-reconstruction and post-emancipation, racial categories in America were on the rise and this promoted more lynching crimes. Wells first encounter with racial discrimination happened when she boarded a train, but was forced out of the train for sitting in the section meant for whites. Despite suing the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad company, she lost her case against the train company, the main reason being the fact that she was black. According to Waldrep, â€Å"in 1887, the crusadi ng journalist Ida B. Wells lost faith in the law when the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled against her suit against a train company that had forced her from the white section of its train† (52). All along, Wells had believed that the law would be impartial in its ruling, but like other black leaders she generated doubts on whether the law and constitutionalism could sufficiently fight white oppression. During the 19th century, lynching of blacks by whites was a common occurrence. Wells had however not faced any lynching incident although she knew that the crime existed. She began her campaign against lynching five years after the train incident, when a quarrel between blacks and whites broke out at a neighborhood in Memphis. The reason for the quarrel was the opening up of a grocery store meant to provide the black population with cheap groceries by three black men namely; Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell, and Thomas Moss, who were friends to Wells. The grocery store belonging to t he three black men was located across a grocery store owned by whites and the fact that the black men had decided to sell their groceries at a price they perceived fair to the black community angered the whites. Both communities knowing of the intentions of each other organized mobs, so when the white community went to the store to attack the owners, the three owners and the entire black mob was ready. The three white men that invaded the store were shot by the owners and this led to the arrest of the three black men. According to Wells, â€Å"the three business partners were jailed and charged with wounding white men , despite their doing so in what they had thought was defense of their property† (3). The arrest and subsequent actions towards the three black men were supposed to follow the law, but this did not happen. White newspapers emphasized the issue of the blacks being wrong, and at no instance did they mention the intentions of the white mob for invading the grocery store owned by blacks. Asante asserts that the newspapers elevated â€Å"white anger and gave rise to the formation of another white mob, this time outside the jail where the three blacks were being held and resulting in their murder† (164). This and many other similar incidents are evidence of lynching against blacks and economic destruction of blacks by whites in the 19th century, aimed at keeping the black race down by eliminating any blacks who seemed to have the potential of being economically successful. This is supported by

Hitchcock film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hitchcock film analysis - Essay Example In the case of this movie, such an effect is still powerful even in a modern age of high technological development and the special effects involved in film production. In fact, the way Hitchcock shocks people’s minds in his horror movies is rather psychological than visual. And so, in a given paper the ability of this director to create a horror using our ordinary fears is analyzed with the help of his movie â€Å"The Birds†. To start with, fact that the movie was created only 9 years after the story of Daphne du Maurier published demonstrates the high level of Hitchcock’s awareness of the trends of his time. In particular, he knew well about literature that shocks and cinematic means that can help to save this effect. In comparison to the novel, the movie showed the same level of horrific atmosphere and despair in the given circumstances. In this context, the storyline of adaptation is quite simple. The main heroine Melanie Daniels (played by Tippi Hedren) brings to her friend Mitch Brenner the cage with lovebirds as his younger sister Cathy has a birthday. But, the lovely story turns into the nightmare for everyone in an area. In particular, all the birds steadily start attacking all the people who are available for them. Even though separately these creatures are peaceful and inspiring, in huge numbers they bring death and fear. In the movie, they either consciously attack the human body or pro voke the car accidents and gas exposures. And so, the ordinary life of a small American city is turned into the struggle to keep all the member of family alive within only one day. In particular, it is striking that the situation created in the movie cannot be solved by human effort as the birds are uncontrolled and have no mind to be convinced by human arguments. Therefore, the very simplicity of the given plot is the best option to

Dutch Style of Painting in the 17th Century Assignment

Dutch Style of Painting in the 17th Century - Assignment Example After the 1640s, many of the houses’ interiors contained scenes of daily life activities with some pictures and maps along the doorways. One of the paintings by Hedrick Sorgh in Rotterdam had a figure of a mother who devoted her time for her children (Hollander 2). In some scenes such as the courtship, paintings consisted of men and women drinking or playing music. Other paintings were biblical and mythological scenes on walls addressing various issues and narrating stories. Dutch paintings can say a lot just in a small setting through the conceptualization of the images. The texts and pictures were a form of entertainment and vehicles for persuasion and challenge in the 17th century. The secondary pictures in Dutch paintings were for commentaries and pictorial and not verbal representing the painters’ thoughts. The paintings provided the aspect of rhetoric and a chance to consider many sides of the issues both simple and complex. The splitting of images into several pa rts is a fundamental feature of the Western image making as it occurs in the medieval pictorial systems. The separation of the pictures provided a wider theme for the picture or narrative. In March 2015, Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century earned the prestigious George Wittenborn Memorial Book Award from the Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA) for excellence in art publishing. â€Å"The selection of Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century acknowledges a transformational achievement in art historical publishing,†.

Nanotechnology and its use in the Military Essay

Nanotechnology and its use in the Military - Essay Example example Sun blocks containing micro level Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) give white color appearance on the skin due to the scattered reflection of the light rays. But Sun blocks containing Nano particles of Titanium Dioxide, which are evenly spread and thinner, do not scatter light rays, and provide much transparent coating enabling the skin color to appear. Cloths produced incorporating nanotechnology and containing tiny Nano fibers do not retain dust or dirt because the holes of the cloth are tinier than the dust particles. These beneficial changes in the characteristics of the physical matter manipulated at the nano scale can be used in many areas such as medicine, sport, chemical industry etc. The concept of â€Å"Nanotechnology† was first introduced by a physicist, Richard Feynman in his speech â€Å"Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom† delivered at a meeting of the American Physical Society in 1959 (Toumey, 16-23 & Taniguchi). In his speech he explained taking a human cell as an example for naturally existing highly effective, multi purpose nano scale machine and emphasized the usefulness of such small scale equipments. There are two approaches in the direction of handling materials and making products or equipments using Nanotechnology. The more conventional approach â€Å"Larger to smaller† or â€Å"Top to bottom† handling starts with larger physical materials and then shaped up or arranged to much smaller final product such as Nano particles of Titanium Dioxide, Nano fibers etc. The other approach â€Å"smaller to larger† or â€Å"bottom to top† starts with simple smaller molecules or atoms and then build up or assemble until the final expected product is achieved. The second approach, atomic assembly has many limitations and comparatively difficult than the first method because of the limitations in human ability to sense and handle materials of very small scale. Therefore sophisticated equipments are needed for the manipulation of these materials. Carbon

COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COURSEWORK - Essay Example Counseling can help if used early on. Above all, a teenager that is thinking of suicide just needs someone there for them and is ready to listen. 2. No, I do not believe that information on the Internet about how to synthesize drugs at home should be blocked or censored. The Internet is a platform that should provide free and fair knowledge for everyone. We live in a democracy, so the government should not have the power to censor the Internet. I do believe, however, that people should not try to synthesize drugs at home after checking on the Internet. Not only can information on the Internet prove unreliable, but synthesis is a very complex process that should only be carried out in a safe environment. 3. The clinical features of bipolar I disorder are when someone experiences manic, depressed, and well phases. This differs from bipolar II disorder, where the person does not experience any manic phases. Many experts believe that bipolar I disorder results from genetics factors. Life experiences are not thought to be a cause of bipolar disorders, but they can be a trigger that sets someone off. Mood stabilizers are often used to treat someone who has bipolar disorder, but therapy techniques can also be used in conjunction with drugs. 4. The four different types of people who abuse CNS depressants are those who (1) take drugs to decrease persistent stress, (2) experience jubilation and stimulation, (3) take depressants to counter the negative effects of other drugs, and (4) mix depressants with alcohol and drugs to increase the effects. The first group often attempts to mask their problems by getting clinicians to administer depressants. The second group becomes immune to the negative side effects of depressants and instead feels elated. The third group tries to combat negative side effects of other drugs through the use of depressants. The last group wants to increase the feeling that they get from mixing alcohol and drugs with depressants—combining

University of California Irvine Essay Example for Free

University of California Irvine Essay I believe that the best aspects about the University of California Irvine’s business program are its competent and highly knowledgeable educators, its friendly environment, and its highly-competitive and extensive curriculum. For me, these three aspects not only place the school as one of the top universities, but it also moulds students to become adept and highly skilled professionals in their careers. Furthermore, I believe that UCI’s business program would more than provide me with the necessary skills and knowledge that would enable me to become a highly competent and very successful businessman. In addition, considering the UCI’s well-established reputation, the school would also teach me the right attitudes and inculcate in me the proper values that I need to achieve my goals. However, aside from the fundamentals in business, the program would also allow me specialize in other areas such marketing, finance, accountancy, and management, among others. In other words, if am accepted into the program, I would have the potential to become not only a top-caliber businessman, but also an adept professional in marketing analysis, business management, and corporate accountancy. Moreover, the UCI’s campus has a very rich environment, especially the Aldrich Park, which is highly suitable for learning. For me, its amazing architecture and beautiful surroundings effectively facilitates interaction among peers and contributes to its students’ enthusiasm to study, which I believe are two important things that would help me in my professional and personal growth. Over-all, I believe that if am blessed and fortunate enough to be accepted in the school’s business program, I would no doubt be learning from best and as a result, I would be able to excel in any endeavor or any field I would choose.

New Hire Essay Example for Free

New Hire Essay Dear Mr. Hendricks, My name is Brad Johnson and I am writing you today because I understand you are looking for a new mechanic for your racing team. I would like to inform you of my experience in order to prove to you that I am the right fit for the job that you are offering. I have been following your career as the owner of the top NASCAR team for quite some time now and have always dreamed of being involved with such a successful race team. I have looked forward to being a mechanic since my freshman year of high school. I already have a racing background and hope to expand my horizons by becoming involved with NASCAR and Hendricks racing. I am only twenty years old, but I have been racing and wrenching on my own machines and vehicles since I was nine years old. I have paid keen attention to your team’s track record and I know that your engines are some of the most reliable engines out on the track each and every week. I would like to become the head mechanic for Hendricks racing someday in the near future, but as of now I would be perfectly fine with working as an apprentice to gain my experience and hopefully take over the head mechanic position. I have not only gained mechanical experience from working on my own vehicles and machines, but I have also gathered experience from work and school. I took auto shop in high school for two years and at that moment I knew what field I was to enter after high school. I also had a part time job at fabrication shop in Morgan Hill, California. This shop was Pacific Fabrication and I worked as an intern to broaden my knowledge in the automotive field. I learned a lot at this shop and continued to pursue my career in this industry. After working as an internship for a year, I decided to take my knowledge even further by joining the ThinkBig program offered by Caterpillar at Delta College in Stockton, Ca. I have been going to school to earn my Associates degree and also to get training to become a journeyman technician. I was hired by Peterson CAT as an apprentice and have been working with Peterson for over a year now. Thankfully they have put me through school and helped me grow in the field of a dealer service technician. I love what I do but am looking to go further in life by gaining  more experience and working on machines that I truly have a passion for. To be honest, many people discount my credibility as a technician because I am very young still and may not be as experienced as most of your other tech’s that work for you, but what I lack in age and knowledge, I make up for in my willingness to learn and my ability to reach my goals. I hope you consider me for such an opportunity. I could be a beneficial asset to your company. I have always been interested in high power engines and would love to become your next engine builder. I have been racing long enough to understand that the key to winning is having high quality engines that produce great power and outlast those in competition. I believe that with time and training I could continue to produce engines for your team with just as good of a track record. I have a keen attention to detail which is a necessity when building these high output engines. When I am put to a task I do not ever cut corners to complete it. I have always put much effort into what I do. I never do anything half-way. I have always given my best effort when it comes to completing a task. With the recent advancements in technology, more and longer term mechanics are finding it difficult to work on these machines. Almost everything now days are controlled by some type of computer system. Just a few years ago the engines in NASCAR were carbureted and completely mechanical. With recent advancements in technology, these cars have all been updated to electronic fuel injection systems. Now that these engines are controlled and programmed by a computer, many older mechanics are not able to comprehend this new style of tuning and adjusting which may lead to drawbacks in your racing team. I have been trained through Caterpillar to work on these newer style engines which are all controlled by computers. Most of the work we have been taught is to use laptops to program and troubleshoot problems which is a necessity for fine tuning these engines to make the most power while maintaining reliability. All in all I am a hard working young man that is eager to learn. With the right opportunity I will become the master mechanic that the Hendricks racing team needs more than ever now with the recent advances in technology. I recognize that I am young and may not be the most experienced applicant, but with my eagerness to learn, attention to detail, and experience with these new style computer systems, I am sure that I would be a great match for the Hendricks racing  team. My background knowledge and experience with racing gives me the leading edge over those general mechanics who have not received any kind of formal training in this field. I will strive to be the best employee and technician you have ever had, and I will do all I can to continue to represent Hendricks racing as the best racing team in the history of NASCAR. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Brad Johnson

Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal

Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal IRAQI SPAT HOOD IN POST AGGRESSION ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION The ancient civilization Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah-Al-Iraqia in Arabic), is a country in south-western Asia. This great civilization had been humiliated and devastated by the invasion of many, and recently the United States-led coalition forces. The Second Gulf War popularly known as â€Å"The Iraq War† took place from 20 March to 08 April 2003. The war itself may be regarded as a sequel to the First Gulf War fought in 1991. Americans named the war â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom, (OIF)†. Military action led by the United States against the regime of Saddam Hussein, the authoritarian leader of Iraq. Announcing the beginning of the war, United States President George W Bush explained that the goals were to â€Å"Disarm Iraq to free its people.† Though President Bush declared on 01 May 2003 that the major combat operations in Iraq had been over, yet many would argue that the war in Iraq has not ended. It is more evident when the coalition f orces are engaged in fierce guerrillas who all are effectively applying the hit and run tactics and casualties on United States soldiers are on the rise. The Coalition Forces (CF) invaded Iraq in total defiance of international opinion. There had been a wide-ranging scepticism about the United States’s case for initiating this war. The coalition gained a military victory against a nation that had been suffering due to United Nation’s imposed sanctions for the last 12 years. The military outcome in Iraq War was never in doubt, yet any success seems widely premature for several reasons. Even in Iraq it is not at all clear at this point whether the sequel to warfare will be a smooth transition to a peaceful and democratic Iraq or a descent into civil war. This invention led to many desired and undesired outcomes. It is certain that the war in Iraq and the post-war situation have  wide ranging effects on the country’s future. After the national election, now it is the probable time for United States forces to withdraw. But still the Iraqi Army, National Guard and Police could not act very effectively. After the election now situation of Iraq has got a new dimension. Political and military events though are inseparable in war; this paper will highlight the pre war Iraq, future prospects and possibilities of Iraq after the departure of collation force. AIM The aim of this paper is to analyze the pre war situation of Iraq and the likely future conditions after withdrawal of United States forces. AN ACCOUNT OF PRE WAR IRAQ Social About 75 percent of the population of Iraq is Arab. Kurds, dwelling in the highlands of northern Iraq, constitute 15 to 20 percent of the population. Smaller groups include Turkmen’s, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians. Arabic is the official language of Iraq and is spoken by the majority of the population. The Kurds speak Kurdish. Armenian and Assyrian are spoken in rural areas in the north and west. Iraq is a pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. Muslims make up 96 percent of Iraq’s population. About 60 to 65 percent of the Muslims adhere to the Shia branch, and the rest adhere to the Sunni branch. The Shias live mostly in central and southern Iraq, and the Sunnis live principally in the north. Most of the Kurds are Sunnis. Several of the holy cities of the Shias, notably An Najaf and KarbalÄ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, are situated in Iraq. Economic The modern Iraqi economy has been largely based on petroleum. Most of the few large manufacturing industries have to do with oil. During Hussein’s rule the Iraqi economy was adversely affected by four major factors: the war with Iran during the 1980s, an international oil glut in the 1980s and 1990s, the economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN) after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The combined effect of all these factors was the destruction of Iraq’s basic infrastructure (roads, bridges, power grids, and the like) and the country’s financial bankruptcy. The UN sanctions created widespread unemployment, skyrocketing inflation, and severe shortages of previously imported commodities, including medicine, medical equipment, animal vaccines, farm machinery, electricity-generating equipment, and water purification supplies. As a result of these shortages and the damage done to water and sewage treatment systems during the war, the incidence of disease and malnutrition rose sharply. Political The leading political organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein was the Arab Baath Socialist Party, which bases its policies on pan-Arab and socialist principles. Other political groups include the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), the KurdistÄ n Democratic Party (KDP), The United Iraqi Alliance, the Patriotic Union of KurdistÄ n (PUK), and a few other Kurdish parties. The two most important Shia opposition parties are the Da‘wa Islamic Party and the Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI). Until Hussein’s overthrow, all these opposition parties were illegal outside the Kurdish autonomous region. Following the US invasion, another political group, the Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmad Chalabi, emerged as an important political force. The Baath Party remained a legal  and open party. However, the US administrator for Iraq banned some high-level Baath Party members from employment in the public sector. STRATEGY OF UNITED STATES AND COALITION AGGRESSION By early March 2003 it became clear that the administration of US president George W Bush was intent on military action against Iraq. The Bush administration asserted that Iraq possessed chemical weapons, had accelerated its program to make biological weapons, and was actively seeking materials to make nuclear weapons. The US administration feared that Hussein could provide weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for use against the United States. In subsequent speeches and reports President Bush and his administration made the case for preemptive military action to avoid such a potential threat. â€Å"If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long,† President Bush said in June 2002. To make the case for military action against Iraq in his January 2002 State of the Union speech in which he identified Iraq as a member of an â€Å"axis of evil† threatening global security.In his January 2003 State of the Union address, President Bush cited reports that Hussein had attempted to buy â€Å"significant quantities of uranium from Africa† as well as special aluminum tubes in order to produce nuclear weapons. Bush administration officials also asserted that the establishment of a new, democratic government in Iraq could pave the way for peace in the Middle East and the spread of democracy among Arab nations. The war began on 20 March. The invasion of Iraq, dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the White House, was led by General Tommy Franks, then head of the US Central Command. The coalition force consisted of a U.S.  force that initially numbered about 200,000 personnel (eventually expanding  to 290,000), as well as about 50,000 British personnel, about 2,000 Australian troops, and about 200 Polish soldiers.The U.S. military made much greater use of precise, high-tech weaponry than in the Persian Gulf  War. In 2003 coalition force used satellite-guided bombs and advanced drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) for reconnaissance. In early April the US force, its supply lines secured, moved in on Baghdad. On 4 April 2003 Army forces seized Saddam International Airport, west of the city, and renamed it Baghdad International Airport. On 5 April a battalion from the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division drove through Baghdad in a raid. More than 1,000 Iraqis were reported killed during the operation, according to a US estimate. On 7 April 2003 the 2nd Brigade attacked into central Baghdad. The same day, US B-1 bombers dropped four 900-kg (2,000-lb) bombs on a building in western Baghdad where Hussein was believed to be hiding. Nevertheless, Hussein’s grip on power was gone. US Marines arrived in Baghdad on 9 April 2003 and helped Iraqi civilians tear down a massive statue of Saddam Hussein that towered over a major city square. Within a few days Marines captured Tikrit, a city north of Baghdad and Hussein’s ancestral home, with little struggle. President Bush declared an end to combat operations on 1 May 2003. Nevertheless, the guerrilla war against the coalition occupation continued till today. IRAQI RESISTANCE WAR Insurgents have killed at least 29 US and six British military personnel since the US President, George Bush, declared an End to combat operations in Iraq on May 1. The violence has been concentrated in Baghdad and the so-called Sunni triangle west and north of the capital, an area inhabited mainly by Saddam Husseins fellow Sunni Arabs, a minority in Iraq. Attacks under cover of crowds are less risky for the assailant. The  only defence against them is maintaining strict separation between coalition troops and the civilian population apparently one of the insurgents aims. The Iraqi resistance to US occupation is growing, as is its support among ordinary Iraqis. Iraqs interim government recently admitted that the insurgency involves at least 40,000 hardcore fighters and up to 200,000 active sympathizersa far cry from the isolated 5,000 Baathist remnants and foreign fighters the Pentagon initially claimed to be fighting. They are effectively using the hit and run tactics on the coalition force. GENERAL ELECTIONS At the beginning of 2005 after 50 years, 30 January 2005 general election took place. In this election Shia supported United Iraqi Alliances earn the majority and form the first democratic government. The Kurdish Leader Jalal Talebani elected as President and Shia leader Ibrahim Al Jaffrai nominated as Prime minister. After that the government fails to ensure the national unity. Ruther government ignites the conflict. In the proposed constitution government neglect the interest of Sunni Muslim. After a long debate 28 August 2005 government signed the draft constitution and arranges the general election on this constitution. In that election within the 18 provinces government won in 15 provinces and lost in resttree. With this result the Sunni could not change the constriction. The Shia –Sunni conflict increase in this volatile situation. International Opinions. US and British officials repeatedly warned Iraq’s political parties that in a democratic election there are winner and looser. Same time they hope that Iraqi leader set up a coalition government  to help the undermine Sunni support for the insurgency. Now to bring them in the same platform the government have to keep the interest of the Sunni. INTERNAL SITUATION Political Presently in Iraq Shia and Sunni conflict turn into a worst situation. At 21 February 2006 there was a big boom explosion in Shia mosque AL Aksari in Samara city. It starts the riot in Bagdad. In whole country at least 90 Sunni mosques was attacked by Sunnis. After this incident there is a possibility of civil war. The main political party of Sunni complains that at least 50 mosques in Bagdad city were attacked by Shia. Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. A month after the general election, political parties are still waiting for results and are jockeying for position ahead of the start of serious bargaining on the make up of the country’s first full time government since the fall of Saddam Hussein. Initial indications showed that Iraq’s Shiite(A branch of Shia Muslim) majority come out on top in the 15 December’s vote but final results dew in the coming days, have been delayed by a probe into com plaints by Sunni backed and secular party of ballot rigging. Recently the Iraqi parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq to coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim Jaafari’s DawaParty and Abdul Aziz Hakim’s Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, winning 128 of parliament’s 275 states. Economic Following the US Iraq War of 2003, the US spent billions of dollars to revive Iraq’s oil industry. By March 2004 Iraq was producing about 2.5 million barrels of oil per day, nearly as much as it produced prior to the 2003 war. The US expenditures were also aimed at restoring and upgrading Iraq’s oil fields and refineries. Much of the work was contracted to U.S. and  other foreign oil companies, under the supervision of the US civil administrator. Social After the aggression of coalition force now Iraqi’s are facing the hard strike of poverty. A resent study by the United Nation Development Programme and international Monetary Fund shows that 20 percent of the population has followen below the international poverty line of one dollar par day par person. The member of the families registering for assistance  with the labor and social affairs ministry has more then tripled since the war to 171000 and even that according to the ministry â€Å"Drop in the ocean†. FUTURE TRENDS After the withdrawal of coalition force, the first to suffer will be the people of Iraq. Due to the Shia –Sunni conflict general mass will face human suffering. Each and every day the list of casualty getting longer and longer. Various terrorist / insurgence group are still active. Police force or security force is not well organized. After withdrawal of US forces the law and order situation will be in a feeble condition. Insurgency, political revenge and arms conflict between various political or religious groups will  increase. Police force or security force require time to organize, equipped and trained them. In this process various political parties came up and participated in general election. Rashid Khalidi, director of the Middle East Institute at  Columbia University said just before the election â€Å"They will have a Shia-dominated, Islamic-oriented government in Iraq. Now situation is not balance. Shia dominated party gets the clear majority in the election, could not make the situation stable. Conflict of Shia and Sunni heading towards a civil war. There may be situation the whole country will divided as per their ethics. Recently they started attacked on there religious centers. Standing on this crisis situation Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. Recently the Iraqi political parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq to  coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the Shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim Jaafari’s Dawa Party. CONCLUSION   Iraq War has once again proved that there cannot be a military solution to a political problem. Though US Doctrine of Pre-emption has changed world security perspective, it also cautions that war against world opinion can be a disaster. More equipment-intensive future battlefield warrants modernization of the army. It has also proved that the most high–tech war also cannot be bloodless. Several thousands Iraqis were killed and wounded. Lately US loss is also quite significant. A good plan should  also encompass all aspects of war – from the battle itself to the rebuilding phase, where the Armed Forces will be a relevant player. The post conflict  scenario for the army is equally challenging against the insurgence and guerrilla group. The post-war situation in Iraq is frustrating. The political process for the smooth transition to democracy is in question. The reconstruction process is unbearably slow for the people of the war torn country. The on going high intensity of guerrilla war and aggressive counter insurgency operation are aggravating the sufferings of the people further. The peace and stability of Iraq and the region is highly uncertain. The war ravage Iraq is facing a total disorder. Reconstruction of Iraq is now the biggest challenge. The public service are to be restored, supply of food, medicine and other essential commodities are to be ensured. Sufferings of the mass people cannot be reducing at a time but a smooth  political situation will be the first priority to achieve social and economical establishment. RECOMMENDATIONS Political parties should have mutual trust between them. They should come to a same platform on the interest of their country. Soon they should form the coalition government and start reconstructions of war offended country. Various political parties should give the highest priority to their national interest keeping a side their UN ethical interest. They should take help of ether countries to develop their own security force. Government should take to solve the Insurgency problem. Bhatiary ,Chittagong IMTIAZ MAHMUD BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1.Bruce W. Watson, Military Lessons of the Gulf War, (Lahore: Izharsons Printers, 1992). 2.J C Aggarwal, Golf Crisis : Pre War And post War Scenario,(INDIA : S Chand Company) 3. Robert F Helms,The Persian Gulf Crisis: Power in the post –Cold War World ( London: Wesport, Connecticut.) Journals / Magazines/ Newspaper 4.Daily Star: January, February 2006 5.Burger, Kim, Caught off guard? Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 01, 2003. 6.Elliott, Michael, So, What Went Wrong? Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 7.Robinson, Simon, Baghdad Today; Progress, Inch by Inch, Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 8.Ripley, Tim, Mean Streets, Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 15, 2003. Reports 9.Lt Gen T. Michael Moseley, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM-By the Numbers: (Assessment and Analysis Division, USCENTAF, 30 April 2003). Official Document 10.Army Headquarters Project Study Paper by 46 Independent Infantry Brigade, Iraq War A Review, Dhaka, 2003. Web Sites 11.www.bbc.com 12.www.army.com

Tess And A Dolls House :: essays research papers

All literature has the quality of universality, which means the piece of literature has both truth and meaning that goes further than the time and place that the literature was written. This quality is present in both Tess of the D'urbervilles by Thomas Hardy and A Doll's House by Henric Isben. Hardy's novel is based on two people's love and how they find it hard to be with each other. Isben's novel is similar in that it tells of two people's love. The story shows how you think your in love but your really not. In these two pieces the universal theme is how a relationship can exist without "real" communication. Hardy's novel tells the conflict of love between Tess Durbeyfield and Angel Clare. Their first miscommunication occurred when they were dancing in the field. Tess wanted to dance with Angel. Angel didn't realize this and walked away from the dance. Tess didn't see Angel for years. In the meantime, she met Alec D'urberville. He was a stunning yet deceitful man. They developed a relationship, though Tess wasn't happy. Alec was in the woods with Tess, where he raped her. Later, Tess meets Angel once again. Tess wishes to tell Angel what happened with Alec, but she can't. She fears his rejection. Once again a miscommunication. Tess and Angel plan to marry. He sees Tess as a pure woman. They have their wedding and on the honeymoon Angle tells Tess of an affair. Tess also confesses. Angel is outraged and tells her he can't be with her. To win Angel's love Tess kills Alec. Angel accepts her now. They run off together in fear of Tess's fate. The authorities catch up with them. Tess is captured and hung. Isben's novel shows the love between a husband and a wife. Torvald, the husband, is a dominating man who sees Nora, the wife, inferior. He is always calling her degrading names. As a couple, they never really communicate. In the end this ruins their relationship. Their not being able to communicate makes it hard for Nora to tell Torvald of her mistake.

Marcel Proust Defines the Self in Remembrance of Things Past Essay

Marcel Proust Defines the Self in Remembrance of Things Past Proust seems to be unique among the twentieth century authors in that his denial of rational thought is through the use of sensation to respond to the problem--instead of experience, for example--by defining the self as a retrievable essence comprised of all past experiences. Our human condition is defined by mortality, contingency, and discontentment. This reality combined with the new outlooks of relationships between our lives and the objects that surround us in our world, have caused authors in the twentieth century to question traditional Western thought. In Remembrance of Things Past, Marcel Proust extends these comparisons to include one's use of memory and sensation as well as objects. By doing so, he temps to answer the question: 'Who or what is the self?' and in looking at this work, we begin our look at the abandoning of reason in order to try and find a solution to our situation. According to Proust, the self is the retrievable essence defined as the summation of all observed experiences and their relationship in and amongst themselves. He represents this idea by establishing the importance of memory and providing a key event in the life of the protagonist whose own quest is a solution to this problem. The novel begins with Marcel's awakening--both literally and metaphorically (in relation to his quest to define the self). At the critical moment between sleep and consciousness, various thoughts pass in and out of his mind. He is disoriented--not exactly sure of his current location as his thoughts are those of experiences from a different place and time. His thoughts are unlike any he has had while awake; his confusion therefore, justifiable: .... ...onsciously, they do have an effect on the way in which we view objects and the opinions we take on others' ideas at present. Quite literally, who we were is all of who we are. Proust defines the self as an essence comprised of layers of hidden memories depicting past experiences. The memory and all that it contains, is stored behind a sort of 'one-way' door. Old events ever change the way that new events will be stored; new events on top of the old will change the way the latter were once viewed. For the most part, the door is locked. It opens only for a split second, given the correct key, if for no other reason than to prove that everything is still there--the self still defined--and nothing has ever been lost. Work Cited Proust, Marcel. Remembrance of Things Past, Volume I. Trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin. New York: Vintage Books, 1982.

An investigation of the affect of the concentration an of the rate of :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

An investigation of the affect of the concentration an of the rate of reaction. Introduction. We are trying to find out the affect of acid concentration on the rate of reaction, we are using 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.25 Molar acid. In our experiment, we are reacting it with sodium thiosulphate. The collision theory will be involved in this, for instance the more concentrated the acid we use, the faster the reaction will occur and the lower the concentration the slower the reaction will occur, this is because the collision theory says that if something is more concentrated then it will collide more because there will be more of the substance. We could use a catalyst to speed up the reaction, this allows the molecules to move around easier to help them to collide more to speed up the reaction for instance say that people are trying to get over wall it is possible but it will take a slow process and say that we add a catalyst, our catalyst is a ladder this enables the people (molecules) to get over the wall quicker and easier than they normally would. In this experiment we need to control the amount of acid, amount of water, chemicalswater temperature amount of sodium thiosulphate and to all agree when the x is gone on the paper. We need to be safe when doing this by wearing goggles and making sure that we dispose of the end result chemical in a large beaker in the fume cupboard and not down the sink, we also need to make sure we do not lean over the conical flask when we perform the experiment because the chemical fumes are pungent and are not good to breath in. Method. We are going to measure the rate of reaction by how fast or slowly the mix of chemicals and water goes cloudy by placing a piece of paper with a cross on it underneath the conical flask and all agreeing when it has disappeared from sight. In this experiment we will need to use the following: Equipment Use Stop clock To time the experiment Conical flask To collect all the chemicals together in Burette To measure accurately all the chemical and water Sodium thiosulphate Chemical used in this experiment Hydrochloric acid Chemical used in this experiment, we will use 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 molar strengths Water Used in this experiment, used in dilutions Paper Used along with cross of colour to determine when mixture is cloudy enough Beakers Used to hold the chemicals and water Dilutions To obtain the different strengths of hydrochloric acid we will need to dilute 2 molar acids and dilute it with water to reach the appropriate

There Is Always More Than Meets the Eye

In everyday life false judgment is not hard to find. Everybody in the world has a different perspective and way of portraying themselves to the public, the way you look does not always show who you really are. This essay will discuss and analyze the poem â€Å"The Beggar & the Tourist† by Shahriar Shahriari that is about not judging a book by its cover. The song â€Å"The Way I Am† by Eminem talks about the same topic but with celebrities and their fans. The meaning of both will be discussed throughout the essay. These two poems are based on judgments on many points of views like media, values and society.Exploring the similarities and differences between them will help explain their meaning. The poem â€Å"The Beggar & the Tourist† clearly shows how looks can make people wonder what kind of person you are and how valuable is to society. This can be seen at the beginning: â€Å"What a simple existence, purposeless and futile my opinion† (Shahriari 2) this was addressed by the tourist when he saw a bum just staring into the sky. The poem clearly states how some determine a person’s value to society basing on looks, without knowing or speaking to them ever in their life. This kind of mentality can affect how and with who you socialize.In this case the bum thinks the tourist is as useless as him because he lives as a slave of society when he stated in the poem: â€Å"He saw a young man busily running around in futile pursuit/Only to fulfill what he was taught, someone's ideal to suite† (Shahriari 3). Eminem in his song â€Å"The Way I Am† talks about the judgment between fans and celebrities in the part of the song: â€Å"I'm so sick and tired of being admired / That I wish that I would just die or get fired / And dropped from my label and stop with the fables† (Eminem 62-64) In this verse Eminem is talking about him being tired of getting so much attention.All that attention gets in the way of him being able to live a normal life and he would rather get a new job than to live by the expectations of the fans. They expect him to always be a nice man when he is just simple human being like the rest of the world that have their ups and downs. It also expresses a hard critic on society and media when he says: â€Å"When a dude's getting bullied and shoots up his school / And they blame it on Marilyn†¦ and the heroin / Where were the parents at?And look where it's at / Middle America, now it's a tragedy / Now it's so sad to see, an upper class city / Having this happening† (Eminem 52-55) This entire verse talks about the Columbine shooting tragedy and how the media tries to cover it up by blaming the music that they listened and the drugs they used. Eminem criticized the media on why they did not stop to think maybe it was their parent’s negligence to prevent the bulling against their kids. He also criticizes how if that same scenario happened in a lower society class the media would not have cared that much.There are lots of differences and similarities between these two poems. The most obvious similarity between the song and the traditional poem is the prejudgment and both authors criticize it from different perspectives. The difference between them is the subject is addressed in the prejudgment. In the â€Å"The Beggar & the Tourist† it is between a bum and a suit tourist and in the song â€Å"The Way I Am† it is between celebrities and their fans. Both poems have very noticeable social critics such as the significance of life and how looks can affect how people think of you.The world suffers from this social outbreak because it is taught since childhood how poor people break the law and rich people do not, how black people are bad and white people are good. Since we were born society has always been telling us what to do depending on our ethnicity, status and personality. These are examples of the most common prejudgments of society that have to be changed and the objective of the poems is to open the eyes of people and make them realize how this is happening.

Regulating exploration

To evaluate the existing legal and extra-legal measures used in regulating exploration and production of crude oil in Nigeria, examining the impact of such statutory provisions like the Land Use Act of 1978 and the Nigerian Oil and Gas Content Development Act of 2010 on the industry and discussing their merits and demerits. To find out what current reforms are being planned in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry, for example, The petroleum Industrial Bill (BIB) What are your research questions?What are the applicable laws concerning Oil & Gas production/management in Nigeria? Specifically, what is the rationale behind the enactment of some statutes like the Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010 by the Nigerian Government and how far are public policies biased in favor of â€Å"Indigestion and Negotiations† in the oil & gas sector in Nigeria? What are the current proposals for reforms and what are the future trends for the regulation of Oil and Gas management/production in Nigeria? What is the rationale for your study? 200 – 300 words) Include in your rationale how the research will impact on the organization I have chosen to study this particular research topic of ‘Public Policy and Regulation in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector' because it would give me a first-hand understanding of the applicable local laws and regulations pertinent to the Nigerian IL and Gas industry as well as demonstrating a good knowledge of the historical perspectives of state regulation and policies generated by governmental/public interests within the Nigerian petroleum industry.This Study will enable me to explore some of the challenges facing the Nigerian Oil Production like Kidnapping of oil industrial workers/ investors and theft of Crude oil and examine how the State is responding through its public policy and legal frameworks. It is crucial to know if those responses in legal sense are actually working to the benefit of the people or there are loop-hole s.This research will have great impartation on the Nigerian oil and Gas sector because if the study shows any gap or weakness in the applicable laws on this sector, further steps would need to be taken by the Nigerian government to enact new laws or review the existing ones in the interest of the public to bring stability and enhance the economy of Nigeria in the Oil and Gas Industry. Brief review of relevant literature (500 – 600 words) with a minimum of 6 key publications cited. Books 1 . Recuperation. S. (2009) The Political Economy of Oil and Gas in Africa-The case of Nigeria London: Rutledge.This book focuses on the Nigerian Oil and Gas industry. It critically examines the role of Africa in the contribution of Oil and Gas resources to the global energy market and provides an overview of Oil and Gas management activities in some African developing countries. Apart from Nigeria, the book also explores the petroleum production activities in Algeria, Libya, Egypt and Angola and extends its evaluation to the Gulf of Guiana to show its significance as a prolific hydrocarbon bearing zone. 2. Daniels, N Y. (2011) Nigerian Laws, Cases & Materials on Oil & Gas Loosely Baja: Institute for Oil & Gas Law.The book contains detailed Insignia's oil and gas legal system including upstream and downstream petroleum and gas operations. The work is a single compendium comprising all current Laws, Regulations, Cases and commentaries relating to the whole oil & gas industry in Nigeria. 3. Gordon, G. Paterson, J. And Assumes, E. (2011) Oil and Gas Law: Current Practice and Emerging Trends, 2nd edition, Dundee: Dundee University Press. This book widely covers a lot of issues surrounding the general management of oil and gas and its legal frame works.It includes security of petroleum resources, allocation of risks in the oil and gas industry. It details many challenges facing the exploration, production and transportation of petroleum resources including trans-national pipe lines. 4. Goad, M. (1999) Petroleum Development Contracts with Multinational Oil Firms: The Nigerian experience, Maturing: El-Lincoln Services This book specifically focuses on forms and structures of oil and gas management contracts between Nigeria and multinational oil corporations (Moons).It deeply looks into the negotiations which is characterized by contractual obligations between Nigeria seems to be at a disadvantage in comparison with the multinational oil corporations in regards to genealogy, risk capital and management skills in preparation of any legal document. The author critically explore on those significant matters such as oil and gas management control, ownership, technology transfer and issues of indigestion. He also examines the country foreign investment and its oil and gas management policies. The book principally draws on political economy writings in Economics, Politics and Law.It focuses on the question as to whether the petroleum contracts strike a balance be tween foreign exploitation and national policy objectives. Journal Articles 5. Heron, J. 2013) ‘Shell Recommits to Nigeria', Energy Journal, June. 24. The article gives an insight to the recent declaration given by Shell that it intends to remain in Nigeria. Despite several criticisms with accusations of its involvement in human- rights violations and environmental pollution coupled with the kidnapping of its employees in its 77 years of operation in Nigeria, a new investment from its Joint venture totaling $3. Billion was announced. 6. Doable, F. (2013) ‘Implications of new Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010', International Law Office This study looks at the provisions of he 2010 Act and its effect on the operations of oil and gas management in Nigeria. The research focuses on the weaknesses and strength of the statutes, its criticisms and the weight of public policy in it by the government. Outline of research methodology, including Justification for cho ices The following are the methods I hope to employ in my research.Literature Review: This will involve reading books and relevant Journals on the subject of regulation in the Nigerian Petroleum industry. This will give me an insight into the historical perspective of state control and public policy decisions in the country and allow me o sample the opinions of other scholars on the topic. It will also generally allow me to compare my research work with the works of other people and make my own valuable contributions to complement existing studies.Online Research: This will involve going onto the internet to read pertinent news and articles and also extract information from the official websites of companies and government agencies operating within the oil sector in Nigeria. It will also involve an exchange of e-mails with other oil and gas law scholars/researchers. This will give me access to a large vault of useful information for my study/research. Data Collection Methods. Please provide a detailed description of the data collection method(s), study sample, covering selection, number, and if appropriate, inclusion and exclusion criteria.The participants involved in the study and the data collection methods to be used are as follows: Participant Data Collection Method Reason for choice of method Population Size Sample Size Sample Criteria Data Collection Date Former Oil & Gas law colleagues Via e-mail We've previously done many group works together in Aberdeen, Scotland 44 individuals approve 4 individuals Knowledge of Oil & Gas Law September 29th-2nd October 2013 Niger Delta community people Via-e-mail and post Reliable first-hand information can be thus obtained. 0% of the Nigerian population 10 individuals Living in the Nigerian oil-producing regions continuous Oil-Management Executives Telephone Expert information can be thus obtained from those directly involved in the oil industry 55,000 approve. 12-1 people Working in the Nigerian Oil Sector Chapter O utlines – what is going to be in each of your Dissertation chapters Chapter 1 Introduction (Note: the word counts are guidelines only) Chapter 2 Literature Review (2000 – 3000 words) Chapter 3 Methodology (1500-2000 words)

Executive ad legislative department Essay

In the Philippines the executive department is the most essential core of the government. Governance is achievable even without assembly or legislature but ruling with no executive is near impossible. The executive is headed by a president, it is a department of government charged with the administration or implementation of a policy or law. In presidential system it is viewed as a weakling form of government in at least some Latin American countries like Costa Rica, Chile and Venezuela. In this countries, it is argued that the position of the presidency is always challenged. Presidents to succeed in Latin American democracies must mobilize popular support not only from the people but also from other branches of government. As one of the writer concluded: â€Å"presidential rule is not often equated with strong government. Effective executive power is almost indispensable if democracy is to thrive, yet the history of presidential democracies in Latin America has often been one of the immobilized executives. Many strong men ended their careers as weak presidents† (Mainwaring cited in Haque, 2001). In the Philippines alone, elected presidents have experienced difficulty in party legislation, without getting political support among members of Congress. So most often, elected presidents would always establish strong liaison or following from members of the legislative branch to the extent of supporting and financing the candidacy of potential legislative partners. Still yet, the President is the most important and influential leader of the country. The success of the state depends on how effective the President has become in manipulating other branches of government, albeit public criticisms and the intimidating presence of pressure or interest groups. DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT The structure of the Philippine government is divided into three branches: the Legislative Department (Article 6); the Executive Department (Article 7 )7); and the Judicial Department (Article 8). The Legislative Department was placed ahead of the executive department because it is the repository of the people’s sovereignty. It is composed of the Senate, which is the Upper House and Congress, being the Lower House. THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS The powers of the government, by virtue of this principle are divided into three (3) distinct classes: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. They are distributed, respectively among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches or departments of the government. Under the principle of co-equal and coordinate powers among the three (3) branches, the officers entrusted with each of these powers are not permitted to encroach upon the powers confided to the others. If one department goes beyond the limits set by the Constitution, its acts are null and void. The adoption of this principle was motivated by the belief that arbitrary rule would result if the same person or body were to exercise all the powers of the government. PRINCIPLE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES The three co-equal departments are established by the constitution in as balanced positions as possible. To maintain this balance or to restore it if upset, each department is given certain powers with which to check the others. Checks by the President Checks by the Congress Checks by the Judiciary may veto or disapprove bills enacted by the Congress (Sec. 27:1) through pardoning power, he may modify or set aside the judgments of courts (Art. VII, Sec 19) Congress may override the veto of the President (Sec. 27:1) Reject certain appointments of the President (Art. VII, Sec. 16) Revoke the proclamation of martial law or suspension of the writ of habeas corpus by the President (Art. VII, Section 18) Amend or revoke the decision of the Court by the enactment of a new law or by an amendment of the old The power to impeach the President and the members of the Supreme Court. the Supreme Court as the final arbiter may declare legislative measures or executive acts unconstitutional (Art. VIII, Sec 4:2) determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of the Congress or President (Art. VIII, Sec. 2:2)

Electronic Commerce in Malaysia

LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 658 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT 2006 2 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 Date of Royal Assent Date of publication in the Gazette †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 30 August 2006 31 August 2006 Publisher’s Copyright C PERCETAKAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA BERHAD All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior permission of Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad (Appointed Printer to the Government of Malaysia).Electronic Commerce LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 658 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT 2006 3 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I PRELIMINARY Section 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Short title and commencement Application Use not mandatory Reference to other written laws Interpretation PART II LEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE 6. 7. Legal recognition of electronic message Formation and validity of contract PART III FULFILMENT OF LEGAL REQ UIREMENTS BY ELECTRONIC MEANS 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.Writing Signature Seal Witness Original Retention of document 4 Section Laws of Malaysia 14. 15. 16. Copy Prescribed form Service and delivery PART IV COMMUNICATION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE ACT 658 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Attribution of electronic message Contents of electronic message Each electronic message to be regarded separately Time of dispatch Time of receipt Place of dispatch Place of receipt Acknowledgement of receipt PART V MISCELLANEOUS 25. Regulations SCHEDULEElectronic Commerce LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 658 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT 2006 5 An Act to provide for legal recognition of electronic messages in commercial transactions, the use of the electronic messages to fulfill legal requirements and to enable and facilitate commercial transactions through the use of electronic means and other matters connected therewith. [ ENACTED by the Parliament of Malaysia as follows: PART I PRELIMINARY ] Short title and commencement 1. (1) This Act may be cited as the Electronic Commerce Act 2006. 2) This Act comes into operation on a date to be appointed by the Minister by notification in the Gazette. Application 2. (1) Subject to section 3, this Act shall apply to any commercial transaction conducted through electronic means including commercial transactions by the Federal and State Governments. (2) This Act shall not apply to the transactions or documents specified in the Schedule. 6 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 (3) The Minister may by order amend, vary, delete from or add to the Schedule. Use not mandatory 3. 1) Nothing in this Act shall make it mandatory for a person to use, provide or accept any electronic message in any commercial transaction unless the person consents to the using, providing or accepting of the electronic message. (2) A person’s consent to use, provide or accept any electronic message in any commercial transaction may be inferred from the person’s conduct. Reference to other wri tten laws 4. The application of this Act shall be supplemental and without prejudice to any other laws regulating commercial transactions. Interpretation 5.In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires— â€Å"electronic† means the technology of utilizing electrical, optical, magnetic, electromagnetic, biometric, photonic or other similar technology; â€Å"Minister† means the Minister charged with the responsibility for domestic trade and consumer affairs; â€Å"electronic message† means an information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic means; â€Å"originator† means a person by whom or on whose behalf, the electronic message is generated or sent; â€Å"addressee† means a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic message; Electronic Commerce â€Å"information processing system† means an electronic system for generating, sending, receiving, storing or processing the electronic message;  "electronic signature† means any letter, character, number, sound or any other symbol or any combination thereof created in an electronic form adopted by a person as a signature; â€Å"commercial transactions† means a single communication or multiple communications of a commercial nature, whether contractual or not, which includes any matters relating to the supply or exchange of goods or services, agency, investments, financing, banking and insurance. PART IILEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE Legal recognition of electronic message 6. (1) Any information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that it is wholly or partly in an electronic form. (2) Any information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that the information is not contained in the electronic message that gives rise to such legal effect, but is merely referred to in that electronic message, provided that the information being refe rred to is accessible to the person against whom the referred information might be used.Formation and validity of contract 7. (1) In the formation of a contract, the communication of proposals, acceptance of proposals, and revocation of proposals and acceptances or any related communication may be expressed by an electronic message. (2) A contract shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that an electronic message is used in its formation. Laws of Malaysia PART III FULFILMENT OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS BY ELECTRONIC MEANS ACT 658 Writing 8. Where any law requires information to be in writing, the requirement of the law is fulfilled if the information is contained in an electronic message that is accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference. Signature 9. 1) Where any law requires a signature of a person on a document, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by an electron ic signature which— (a) is attached to or is logically associated with the electronic message; (b) adequately identifies the person and adequately indicates the person’s approval of the information to which the signature relates; and (c) is as reliable as is appropriate given the purpose for which, and the circumstances in which, the signature is required. 2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(c), an electronic signature is as reliable as is appropriate if— (a) the means of creating the electronic signature is linked to and under the control of that person only; (b) any alteration made to the electronic signature after the time of signing is detectable; and (c) any alteration made to that document after the time of signing is detectable. 3) The Digital Signature Act 1997 [Act 562] shall continue to apply to any digital signature used as an electronic signature in any commercial transaction. Electronic Commerce Seal 9 10. (1) Where any law requires a seal to be af fixed to a document, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by a digital signature as provided under the Digital Signature Act 1997. 2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Minister may, by order in the Gazette, prescribe any other electronic signature that fulfills the requirement of affixing a seal in an electronic message. Witness 11. Where any law requires the signature of a witness on a document, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by an electronic signature of the witness that complies with the requirements of section 9.Original 12. (1) Where any law requires any document to be in its original form, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by a document in the form of an electronic message if— (a) there exists a reliable assurance as to the integrity of the information contained in the electronic message from the time it is first generated in its final form; and (b) the electronic message is accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference. 2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(a)— (a) the criteria for assessing the integrity of the information shall be whether the information has remained complete and unaltered, apart from the addition of any endorsement or any change which arises in the normal course of communication, storage and display; and (b) the standard of reliability required shall be assessed in the light of the purpose for which the document was generated and in the light of all other relevant circumstances. 10 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 Retention of document 13.Where any law requires any document to be retained, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by retaining the document in the form of an electronic message if the electronic message— (a) is retained in the format in which it is generated, sent or received, or in a format that does not materially change the information contained i n the electronic message that was originally generated, sent or received; (b) is accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference; and (c) identifies the origin and destination of the electronic message and the date and time it is sent or received.Copy 14. Where any law requires any document to be retained, served, sent or delivered in more than one copy, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by retention, service, sending or delivery of the document in one copy. Prescribed form 15.Where any law requires any document to be in a prescribed form, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by a document in the form of an electronic message if the electronic message is— (a) formatted in the same or substantially the same way as the prescribed form; (b) accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference; and (c) capable of being retained by the other person. Service and delivery 16 . (1) Where any law requires any document to be served, sent or delivered, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by the Electronic Commerce 11 ervice, sending or delivery of the document by an electronic means if an information processing system is in place— (a) to identify the origin, destination, time and date of service, sending or delivery; and (b) for the acknowledgement of receipt, of the document. (2) This section does not apply to— (a) any notice of default, notice of demand, notice to show cause, notice of repossession or any similar notices which are required to be served prior to commencing a legal proceeding; and (b) any originating process, pleading, affidavit or other documents which are required to be served pursuant to a legal proceeding.PART IV COMMUNICATION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE Attribution of electronic message 17. (1) An electronic message is that of the originator if it is sent by the originator himself. (2) As between the originator and the addr essee, an electronic message is deemed to be that of the originator if it is sent by— (a) a person who has the authority to act on behalf of the originator in respect of that electronic message; or (b) an information processing system programmed by, or on behalf of, the originator to operate automatically. 3) As between the originator and the addressee, the addressee is entitled to regard an electronic message as being that of the originator, and to act on that presumption, if— (a) the addressee properly applies an authentication method agreed between the originator and the addressee for ascertaining whether the electronic message was that of the originator; or 2 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 (b) the electronic message as received by the addressee resulted from the actions of a person whose relationship with the originator or any agent of the originator enabled that person to gain access to an authentication method used by the originator to identify electronic message as it s own. 4) Subsection (3) does not apply if— (a) the addressee has received a notice from the originator that the electronic message is not that of the originator and has reasonable time to act accordingly; or (b) the addressee knew or should have known that the electronic message was not that of the originator had he exercised reasonable care or used any authentication method agreed between the originator and the addressee. Contents of electronic message 18.Where an addressee receives an electronic message, the addressee is entitled to regard the electronic message as being what the originator intended to send, and to act on that presumption, unless the addressee knew or should have known, had he exercised reasonable care or used any agreed procedure, that the transmission resulted in any error in the electronic message as received. Each electronic message to be regarded separately 19.Where an addressee receives an electronic message, the addressee is entitled to regard each electronic message received as a separate electronic message and to act on that presumption, unless the addressee knew or should have known, had he exercised reasonable care or used any agreed procedure, that the electronic message was a duplicate. Time of dispatch 20. Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed sent when it enters an information processing system outside the control of the originator.Electronic Commerce Time of receipt 13 21. Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed received— (a) where the addressee has designated an information processing system for the purpose of receiving electronic messages, when the electronic message enters the designated information processing system; or (b) where the addressee has not designated an information processing system for the purpose of receiving electronic messages, when the electronic message comes to the knowled ge of the addressee. Place of dispatch 22.Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed sent from the originator’s place of business, and— (a) where the originator has more than one place of business, from the place of business that has the closest relationship with the transaction or where there is no place of business that has the closest relationship with the transaction, from the originator’s principal place of business; or (b) where the originator does not have a place of business, from the originator’s ordinary place of residence. Place of receipt 23.Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed received at the addressee’s place of business, and— (a) where the addressee has more than one place of business, at the place of business that has the closest relationship with the transaction or where there is no place of business that has t he closest relationship with the underlying transaction, at the addressee’s principal place of business; or (b) where the addressee does not have a place of business, at the addressee’s ordinary place of residence. 4 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 Acknowledgement of receipt 24. (1) This section applies where, on or before sending an electronic message, or in the electronic message, the originator has requested or agreed with the addressee that receipt of the electronic message is to be acknowledged. (2) Where the originator has requested or agreed with the addressee that receipt of the electronic message is to be acknowledged, the electronic message is treated as though it has never been sent until the acknowledgement is received. 3) Where the originator has not agreed with the addressee that the acknowledgement be given in a particular form or by a particular method, an acknowledgement may be given by— (a) any communication by the addressee, automated or otherwise; o r (b) any conduct of the addressee sufficient to indicate to the originator that the electronic message has been received. 4) Where the acknowledgement has not been received by the originator within the time specified or agreed or, if no time has been specified or agreed, within a reasonable time, the originator may— (a) give notice to the addressee stating that no acknowledgement has been received and specifying a reasonable time by which the acknowledgement must be received; and (b) if the acknowledgement is not received within the time specified in paragraph (a), give notice to the addressee to treat the electronic message as though it had never been sent and exercise any other rights he may have. 5) Where the originator receives the addressee’s acknowledgement of receipt, it is presumed that the addressee received the related electronic message. (6) Where the received acknowledgement states that the related electronic message fulfills technical requirements, either agreed upon or set forth in applicable standards, it is presumed that those requirements have been fulfilled. Electronic Commerce PART V MISCELLANEOUS 15 Regulations 25.The Minister may make such regulations as are necessary or expedient for giving full effect to the provisions of this Act. SCHEDULE (Section 2) This Act shall not apply to the following transactions or documents: 1. 2. 3. 4. Power of attorney The creation of wills and codicils The creation of trusts Negotiable instruments DICETAK OLEH PERCETAKAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA BERHAD, KUALA LUMPUR BAGI PIHAK DAN DENGAN PERINTAH KERAJAAN MALAYSIA