Medium & light industries Essay Example for Free

Medium light industries EssayMedium light industries have also received a significant portion of the industrial tuition funds because they are less capital intensive than heavy perseverance and they can broadly turn a quicker profit. mainland Chinas textile industry is the largest in the creative activity, which is why its typically referred to on its own as opposed to being grouped within the light industry branch. Chinese enterprises have a warring advantage in the textile industry because of the abundant supply of cheap resources, which includes labor and raw materials such(prenominal) as cotton. China ranks among the world leaders in the production of coal and oil. Coal is the primary energy source among petroleum, electric power, and coal in China. Therefore, a vast majority of the coal that is mined is consumed domestically. On the other hand, the petroleum industry has expanded beyond the domestic consumption capacity. Thus, the petroleum industry also proceedss foreign markets with crude oil and other refined petroleum products to a certain extent.ServicesChinas process sector (tertiary industry) includes many industries such as food beverage, banking financial services, retail get by, commerce, jural services, wellness services and insurance services. Similar to the manufacturing and industry sector, Chinas service sector has blossomed with the economic reforms of the wear two decades. Before the reforms Chinas service sector was virtually non-existent. Today the service sector has grown to account for 33.8% of the countrys GDP (2002 est.).Retail trade has taken in Chinas urban areas. The roads are now lined with a slew of privately owned shops and street markets. In the larger towns and cities immense shopping centers and department stores are also common. Western food and beverage chains such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are also popping up in residential areas.Before the reforms, touristry was very limite d because administration policies prevented almost all foreigners from visiting China. Today this industry is receiving more attention because the government sees this market as an opportunity to earn foreign dollars. To accommodate tourism many hotels have been built, airline destinations within the country have grown and historic sites, such as the Great Wall, have been opened to foreigners.The communications industry has also benefited from the economic reforms. The telecommunications industry boomed during the 1990s and now telephone service can be found in basically every locality although wholly 16.7% of households have a phone. Today there are many magazines and over 2,000 newspapers published across China. Radio and television broadcast are also in abundant supply reaching 75% of the population although only 1 citizen out of 3 owns a television. The States heavy hand compels the media to refrain from reporting on politically sensitive issues. As a result, the media adheres to a strict code of self regulation to ward off further government manipulation.Tr stop overs and Outlook fit in to the official types reported for real GDP, Chinas economy grew to $1,405.95 one thousand million, an increase of 9.1% which is high schooler than the rate that was forecasted. Government officials speculated that with the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus across China the consequences would be felt in the form of an underperforming economy, especially in the services sector. Therefore, an annual growth of 7-8% was predicted although many in the economic community felt this figure was too low. Chinese officials arent intentionally sandbagging the forecasts. Instead they are still acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary to make accurate macroeconomic forecasts, which can be kinda difficult in China whose economic statistics are generally misrepresented, especially at the provincial and local levels. The following 2 graphs illustrate Ch inas GDP, CPI RPI since 1996. afterward falling 0.8% in 2002, Chinas consumer price index (CPI) increased slightly in 2003 by 1.2% compared to the previous year. By location, CPI increased by 0.9% in urban areas and by 1.6% in rural areas. The increase in CPI is somewhat misleading because of state interference. Although price controls for commodities are virtually nonexistent, the state indirectly influences the prices for 13 broad categories of items such as electric power, transportation, communication, and some services. Retail prices continued to drop by 0.1% from the 2002 level, which has been on a downward trend for 6 incidental years. Analyst believe this downward trend is an indicator that China might not be able to sustain or create the take high levels of consumption and investment required to fix the structural problems that plague the countrys economy, especially from the private sector.China essentially fixes (pegs) the exchange rate of the yuan to the U.S. dollar a llowing it to bluster against other currencies in accordance with changes in the values of the dollar. Although officials recognize the need to eventually switch over to a market- ground exchange rate mechanism, the time vagabond for implementing such a mechanism hasnt been defined. Consequently, the yuan exchange rate remained relatively stable in 2003.Chinas balance of payments remained in a strong position as a result of interest rates that fell for countries in the west (United States) and due to Chinas current account which continued its good standing. Although the trade surplus was $25.5 gazillion in 2003, this was a decrease from the previous year by $4.9 billion. The countrys foreign exchange reserves saw considerable growth to $403.3 billion, an increase of $116.8 billion compared with 2002 end of year figures. The following 2 graphs depict Chinas foreign exchange reserves and foreign direct investment.The principal growth sectors in China continue to be within the secon dary and tertiary industries. The value added in the secondary industry for 2003 was $744.31 billion and $453.84 billion for the tertiary industry which represents an increase of 12.5% and 6.7% respectively over last year. Conversely the value added for the primary industry, which employs half of the labor force, was only $207.8 billion representing a meager growth of 2.5% year-on-year. The continued high growth rates in the secondary industries is fueled by government spending to build the states infrastructure, technical upgrades by leading enterprises, and a tremendous upsurge in the output of steel, which is needed to supply the construction materials and manufacturing equipment required to service real estate development. Although the SARS outbreak had detrimental effects on the retail sales and other service industries, this segment is expected to show signs of a rebound in the near future. This holds true especially for the telecommunications sector. China is now home to the largest wireless and wireline networks in the world and preferential government policies have made this sector very attractive.Although its not reflected in official figures, Chinas labor surplus continues to be problematic for the economy. Income inequality is also an area of concern where urban residents annual disposable per capita income amounts on average to $928 compared to rural figures of $298 which is lead below the World Banks $1 per day, i.e. $365, poverty line standard. different main problems that quell economic and social development include energy shortages, a weak legal structure, corruption, nonperforming loans, inefficient state operated enterprises and most important a socialist system that interferes too much with pricing, interest rates fees, and general market control.TRADEChina ranks 4th in the world for exports at $431.6 billion based on 2003 estimates, trailing the United States, German, and Japanese exports. On the other hand, 2003 estimates indicate tha t the PRC ranks 3rd in the worlds imports at $397.4 billion. The trade balance amidst the values of imports and exports continued Chinas long standing trend of having a trade surplus. As Chinas foreign relationships improve and barriers against trade fall, its projected that the trade surplus leave behind eventually diminish in magnitude.The worlds economic community frequently had problems with Chinas human rights policies during the 1990s. American disapproval was particularly poignant to the point that the United States teetered on the landmark of withdrawing Chinas normal affair status (historically referred to most-favored-nation trading status). Understanding how important the normal trading status was for the countrys continued growth, Chinese officials radically changed the regulations and rules governing trade and investment. The sweeping reforms were aimed at increasing international competition and investment, decreased protectionism for domestic enterprises by limiti ng previous barriers on U.S. imports of agricultural and industrial goods, and by decrease tariffs. In turn, the U.S. Congress ratified legislation in 2000 granting the PRC permanent normal trading status based on the belief that improved trading relations will foster labor, environmental and human rights reforms in China.Regulations and StandardsChinas foreign investment and trade policies have historically lacked transparency. This has resulted in a system that generally creates a great deal confusion when it comes to trade and foreign investment because the rules and regulations governing business activity can not be obtained easily therefore, they arent use consistently and they often vary by region. Other downsides include poor protection of intellectual property, unequal treatment between domestic and foreign companies, and an pitiful mechanism for resolving disputes.December 11th, 2001, marked Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Even though China is now a standing process of the WTO, the PRC still has a long way to go to adopt all the necessary WTO regulations, which is being accomplished through reforms and the passage of new legislation. Chinas adit into the WTO has not only improved the countrys growth potential but it will also service the Chinese people by improving labor, environmental, and human rights conditions, which will ultimately affect the Chinese culture to a certain degree.Significant changes resulting from the WTO accession include tariff cuts and a dramatic expansion of trading rights in 2002. In 2003, China further reduced tariffs and reformed its tax system in an effort to lessen the distinction between foreign and domestic enterprises based on the principle of national treatment. Quotas on imported goods have also been considerably lowered. The latest change deals with the WTOs transparency requirement.As of July 1st, 2004, the Chinese government exclaim reforms for business licensing. In the past enterprises wishing to do business with China had to undergo an approval process through the Ministry of Commerce which was time consuming, cumbersome, and not understandably defined. The new system utilizes a registration process that is clearly defined and easily accessible with little or no barriers to trade for individuals or legal entities seeking import and or export licensing. Therefore, the registration process is expected to remove yet another trade barrier by making Chinas market more accessible to foreign entities wishing to operate within and to China.